Singapore’s Food Paradise: Sizzling Dishes, Hawker Hotspots

Bert Templeton

Singapore food culture and hawker centers

The Food of Singapore: A Melting Pot of Flavors

Singapore, a small island city-state at the crossroads of Southeast Asia, is a culinary powerhouse where food is more than sustenance—it’s an obsession, a cultural bridge, and a testament to its history as a trading hub. With a population shaped by Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Peranakan (Nonya) communities, alongside influences from neighboring Indonesia, Singapore’s food scene is a dazzling tapestry of flavors, textures, and traditions. From humble hawker stalls to upscale restaurants, the cuisine reflects centuries of migration, adaptation, and innovation.

Singapore’s food culture began taking shape in the 19th century when immigrants flocked to the island under British colonial rule, bringing their recipes and cooking techniques. These were adapted to local ingredients and tastes, creating a unique fusion that defines Singaporean cuisine today. Hawker centers—open-air food courts housing dozens of stalls—are the beating heart of this culture, offering affordable, authentic dishes that have earned UNESCO recognition as Intangible Cultural Heritage.

In this article, we’ll explore the native cuisines of Singapore—Chinese (spanning dialects like Hokkien, Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka, and Hainanese), Malay, Indian, and Nonya—highlighting their six most popular dishes. We’ll also delve into Indonesian cuisine, a close cousin that influences Singapore’s foodscape. For each dish, I’ll recommend top hawker centers or restaurants where you can savor these delights, complete with practical details to plan your culinary adventure.

Chinese Cuisine in Singapore

Chinese immigrants, primarily from southern China, form the majority of Singapore’s population, and their cuisine is a cornerstone of the food scene. Dialect groups like Hokkien, Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka, and Hainanese each brought distinct flavors, adapted over generations to suit local palates and ingredients. Here are six standout dishes from Singapore’s Chinese culinary repertoire.

1. Hainanese Chicken Rice

Description: Often hailed as Singapore’s national dish, this deceptively simple dish features poached or steamed chicken served with fragrant rice cooked in chicken broth, infused with pandan leaves and garlic. It’s accompanied by cucumber and a chili sauce with lime and ginger.
Why It’s Popular: Its balance of delicate flavors and succulent texture makes it a comfort food loved by all.
Where to Try It:
- Tian Tian Hainanese Chicken Rice (Hawker Stall)
  - Location: Maxwell Food Centre, 1 Kadayanallur Street, #01-10/11, Singapore 069184
  - Website: N/A (Check Maxwell Food Centre listings for updates https://maxwellfoodcentre.com/ )
  - Note: A Bib Gourmand recipient in the MICHELIN Guide, famous for its juicy chicken and aromatic rice.
- Wee Nam Kee Chicken Rice (Restaurant)
  - Location: 101 Thomson Road, #01-08 United Square, Singapore 307591
  - Website: www.weenamkee.com.sg
  - Note: A sit-down option with consistent quality and multiple outlets.

2. Hokkien Mee

Description: A stir-fried noodle dish combining yellow noodles and rice vermicelli, wok-fried with prawns, squid, pork, and a rich stock, finished with a squeeze of lime and sambal chili.
Why It’s Popular: The smoky “wok hei” (breath of the wok) and seafood richness make it irresistible.
Where to Try It:
- Nam Sing Hokkien Fried Mee (Hawker Stall)
  - Location: Old Airport Road Food Centre, 51 Old Airport Road, #01-32, Singapore 390051
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: A legendary stall with long queues and a robust, traditional flavor.
- Geylang Claypot Rice (Restaurant)
  - Location: 361 Beach Road, Singapore 199576
  - Website: N/A (Search online for updates)
  - Note: Offers a refined version alongside claypot rice.

Singapore food culture and hawker centers Cantonese Char Siew

3. Cantonese Char Siew

Description: Glazed, barbecued pork with a sticky, sweet-savory exterior and tender interior, often served with rice or noodles.
Why It’s Popular: Its caramelized perfection appeals to meat lovers.
Where to Try It:
- Foong Kee Traditional Charcoal Roasted (Hawker Stall)
  - Location: 6 Keong Saik Road, Singapore 089114 (near Chinatown)
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: Known for its smoky, charcoal-roasted char siew.
- Char Restaurant
  - Location: 363 Jalan Besar, Singapore 208994
  - Website: www.char.com.sg
  - Note: A modern eatery with premium cuts and a cozy ambiance.

4. Teochew Bak Kut Teh

Description: A peppery pork rib soup with a clear broth, flavored with white pepper and garlic, served with rice and youtiao (fried dough sticks).
Why It’s Popular: Its light yet robust taste contrasts with the richer Malaysian version.
Where to Try It:
- Song Fa Bak Kut Teh (Restaurant)
  - Location: 11 New Bridge Road, #01-01, Singapore 059383
  - Website: www.songfa.com.sg
  - Note: A heritage brand with a loyal following and multiple locations.
- Founder Bak Kut Teh (Restaurant)
  - Location: 347 Balestier Road, Singapore 329777
  - Website: www.founderbkt.com.sg
  - Note: Offers a hearty, traditional experience.

5. Hakka Yong Tau Foo

Description: Tofu and vegetables stuffed with fish paste or minced pork, served in a clear broth or with a sauce and noodles.
Why It’s Popular: Its versatility and wholesome appeal make it a family favorite.
Where to Try It:
- Hock Lee Yong Tau Foo (Hawker Stall)
  - Location: Bedok North Street 1, #01-325, Singapore 460204
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: A hidden gem with fresh, handmade stuffing.
- Xiu Ji Ikan Bilis Yong Tau Foo (Hawker Stall)
  - Location: Chinatown Complex Market, 335 Smith Street, #02-087, Singapore 050335
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: Known for its anchovy broth and long queues.

6. Wanton Mee

Description: Springy egg noodles tossed in a dark soy sauce, topped with char siew, wantons (dumplings), and served dry or in soup.
Why It’s Popular: Its addictive simplicity and contrasting textures win hearts.
Where to Try It:
- Kok Kee Wanton Noodle (Hawker Stall)
  - Location: Lavender Food Square, 380 Jalan Besar, #01-07, Singapore 209000
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: Famous for its rich sauce and tender wantons.
- Eng’s Char Siew Wanton Mee (Restaurant)
  - Location: 287 Tanjong Katong Road, Singapore 437070
  - Website: https://www.facebook.com/ENGSCharSiewWantanMee/
  - Note: A nostalgic spot with a loyal fanbase.

Malay Cuisine in Singapore
Singapore Food Culture and Hawker Centers

Malay cuisine in Singapore reflects the traditions of the indigenous Malay population and influences from the broader Southeast Asian archipelago. It’s characterized by aromatic spices, coconut milk, and bold flavors. Here are six iconic Malay dishes.

Singapore food culture and hawker centers Nasi Lemak

1. Nasi Lemak

Description: Fragrant coconut rice served with sambal (spicy chili paste), fried anchovies, peanuts, cucumber, and a boiled or fried egg, often with add-ons like fried chicken.
Why It’s Popular: Its rich, satisfying flavors make it a breakfast staple that’s eaten all day.
Where to Try It:
- Mizzy Corner Nasi Lemak (Hawker Stall)
  - Location: Changi Village Hawker Centre, 2 Changi Village Road, #01-26, Singapore 500002
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: Renowned for its crispy chicken wings and potent sambal.
- The Coconut Club (Restaurant)
  - Location: 269 Beach Road, Singapore 199546
  - Website: www.thecoconutclub.sg
  - Note: An upscale take with premium ingredients.

Singapore food culture and hawker centers Singapore Satay Street Lau Pa Sat

2. Satay

Description: Skewered, grilled meat (chicken, beef, or mutton) marinated in turmeric and spices, served with a peanut sauce, ketupat (rice cakes), and cucumber.
Why It’s Popular: Its smoky, juicy appeal makes it a party favorite.
Where to Try It:
- Lau Pa Sat Satay Street (Hawker Stalls) Seen in photo above
  - Location: 18 Raffles Quay, Singapore 048582
  - Website: www.laupasat.sg
  - Note: A lively night market vibe with multiple vendors.
- Pondok Makan Indonesia (Restaurant)
  - Location: 33 Sultan Gate, Singapore 198481
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: Offers a Malay-Indonesian twist on satay.

3. Mee Rebus

Description: Yellow noodles in a thick, sweet-spicy gravy made from peanuts and sweet potatoes, garnished with egg, tau pok (tofu puffs), and fried shallots.
Why It’s Popular: Its hearty, comforting taste is quintessentially Malay.
Where to Try It:
- Yunos N Family (Hawker Stall)
  - Location: Ang Mo Kio Central Market & Food Centre, 724 Ang Mo Kio Ave 6, #01-04, Singapore 560724
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: A family-run stall with a rich, flavorful gravy.
- Warong Makan Makan (Restaurant)
  - Location: 11 New Bridge Road, Singapore 059383
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: Pairs well with their other Malay offerings.

4. Rendang

Description: A slow-cooked beef stew simmered in coconut milk and spices like lemongrass, galangal, and turmeric until tender and richly flavored.
Why It’s Popular: Its depth of flavor and melt-in-the-mouth texture are unmatched.
Where to Try It:
- Warong Nasi Pariaman (Restaurant)
  - Location: 738 North Bridge Road, Singapore 198706
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: A heritage spot since the 1940s, famous for tender rendang.
- Hjh Maimunah (Restaurant)
  - Location: 11 Jalan Pisang, Singapore 199310
  - Website: www.hjmaimunah.com
  - Note: A go-to for authentic Malay dishes.

5. Soto Ayam

Description: A spiced chicken soup with rice vermicelli, shredded chicken, bean sprouts, and a fragrant broth of turmeric and coriander, served with a side of lontong (compressed rice).
Why It’s Popular: Its light yet flavorful profile is perfect for any time of day.
Where to Try It:
- Haji M Abdul Rajak Soto Ayam (Hawker Stall)
  - Location: Tekka Centre, 665 Buffalo Road, #01-256, Singapore 210665
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: Known for its aromatic broth and generous portions.
- Sab Preparations (Restaurant)
  - Location: 101 Yung Sheng Road, Singapore 618497
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: A cozy spot with a loyal following.

6. Lontong

Description: Compressed rice cakes in a coconut-based vegetable stew with tofu, eggs, and sambal, offering a mild yet satisfying taste.
Why It’s Popular: Its subtle flavors and variety of textures make it a breakfast classic.
Where to Try It:
- Hajah Monah Kitchen (Hawker Stall)
  - Location: Geylang Serai Market, 1 Geylang Serai, #02-156, Singapore 402001
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: A beloved stall with a creamy, rich gravy.
- Pu3 Restaurant (Restaurant)
  - Location: 111 Somerset Road, #02-20 TripleOne Somerset, Singapore 238164
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: Offers a refined version with communal dining options.

Indian Cuisine in Singapore

Indian cuisine in Singapore, brought by Tamil and Malayalee immigrants from southern India, is known for its bold spices, curries, and flatbreads. It’s a vibrant part of the hawker and restaurant scene. Here are six must-try dishes.

Singapore food culture and hawker centers Singapore Roti Prata

1. Roti Prata

Description: Crispy, flaky flatbread served with curry (often chicken or fish), made by stretching dough thin and frying it on a griddle.
Why It’s Popular: Its versatility—plain, with egg, or stuffed—makes it a crowd-pleaser.
Where to Try It:
- Mr and Mrs Mohgan’s Super Crispy Roti Prata (Hawker Stall)
  - Location: 7 Crane Road, Singapore 429356 (near Tin Yeang Restaurant)
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: Famous for its ultra-crispy texture and long queues.
- The Roti Prata House (Restaurant)
  - Location: 246 Upper Thomson Road, Singapore 574370
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: Offers a wide variety of prata styles.

2. Chicken Biryani

Description: Fragrant basmati rice cooked with spiced chicken, saffron, and herbs, served with a side of raita or curry.
Why It’s Popular: Its aromatic complexity is a feast for the senses.
Where to Try It:
- Haji Biryani (Hawker Stall)
  - Location: 783 North Bridge Road, Singapore 198751
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: A no-frills spot with tender, flavorful biryani.
- Bismillah Biryani (Restaurant)
  - Location: 50 Dunlop Street, Singapore 209379
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: Known for its rich, authentic taste.

3. Fish Head Curry

Description: A spicy, tangy curry made with a whole fish head, tamarind, tomatoes, and a blend of Indian spices, served with rice or bread.
Why It’s Popular: Its bold flavors and communal appeal make it iconic.
Where to Try It:
- Sam’s Indian Food (Hawker Stall)
  - Location: Dempsey Hill, 9 Dempsey Road, Singapore 247697
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: A hidden gem with a fiery, flavorful curry.
- Muthu’s Curry (Restaurant)
  - Location: 138 Race Course Road, #01-01, Singapore 218591
  - Website: www.muthuscurry.com
  - Note: A legendary spot for this dish since 1969.

4. Masala Dosa

Description: A thin, crispy rice pancake filled with spiced potato filling, served with sambar (lentil stew) and chutneys.
Why It’s Popular: Its light yet satisfying nature is perfect for any meal.
Where to Try It:
- Komala Vilas (Restaurant)
  - Location: 76-78 Serangoon Road, Singapore 217981
  - Website: www.komalavilas.com.sg
  - Note: A vegetarian institution since 1947.
- Ananda Bhavan (Restaurant)
  - Location: 95 Syed Alwi Road, Singapore 207671
  - Website: www.anandabhavan.com.sg
  - Note: Offers a consistent, authentic experience.

5. Rojak

Description: A fruit and vegetable salad tossed in a sticky, sweet-spicy shrimp paste dressing, topped with crushed peanuts.
Why It’s Popular: Its unique mix of sweet, savory, and crunchy textures is addictive.
Where to Try It:
- Toa Payoh Rojak (Hawker Stall)
  - Location: Toa Payoh Lorong 8 Market & Food Centre, 210 Lorong 8 Toa Payoh, #01-05, Singapore 310210
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: A local favorite with a perfect balance of flavors.
- Balestier Road Hoover Rojak (Hawker Stall)
  - Location: Whampoa Makan Place, 90 Whampoa Drive, #01-84, Singapore 320090
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: Known for its generous portions and tangy dressing.

6. Mutton Soup

Description: A hearty soup made with mutton bones, spices like cumin and coriander, and sometimes thickened with lentils, served with bread.
Why It’s Popular: Its robust, warming qualities make it a soul-soothing dish.
Where to Try It:
- Haji Kadir & M Baharudeen (Hawker Stall)
  - Location: Tekka Centre, 665 Buffalo Road, #01-249, Singapore 210665
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: Famous for its rich, spiced broth.
- Islamic Restaurant (Restaurant)
  - Location: 745 North Bridge Road, Singapore 198713
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: A heritage spot with a refined version.

Nonya (Peranakan) Cuisine in Singapore

Nonya cuisine, born from the intermarriage of Chinese immigrants and local Malays, blends Chinese ingredients with Malay spices and techniques. Known as Peranakan food, it’s tangy, spicy, and aromatic. Here are six signature dishes.

Singapore food culture and hawker centers Singapore Laksa

1. Laksa

Description: A creamy, spicy noodle soup with coconut milk, prawns, chicken, and fish cake, flavored with a rempah (spice paste) of turmeric, galangal, and chili.
Why It’s Popular: Its rich, complex broth is a flavor explosion.
Where to Try It:
- 328 Katong Laksa (Restaurant) (Note, this may be my all time personal favorite place to eat in all of Singapore. I make a pilgrimage to it on nearly every one of my trips to the Lion City. Their Laksa is outstanding.)
  - Location: 51 East Coast Road, Singapore 428770
  - Website: https://www.328katonglaksa.sg/
  - Note: Famous for its cut noodles and robust taste.
- Sun Sun Laksa (Hawker Stall)
  - Location: Toa Payoh West Market & Food Centre, 127 Lorong 1 Toa Payoh, #02-09, Singapore 310127
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: A hidden gem with a loyal following.

2. Ayam Buah Keluak

Description: Chicken stewed with buah keluak (black nuts) in a spiced gravy of lemongrass, turmeric, and tamarind, offering a truffle-like depth.
Why It’s Popular: Its unique, earthy flavor is a Peranakan hallmark.
Where to Try It:
- Candlenut (Restaurant)
  - Location: 17a Dempsey Road, Singapore 249676
  - Website: www.candlenut.com.sg
  - Note: The world’s first Michelin-starred Peranakan restaurant.
- The Blue Ginger (Restaurant)
  - Location: 97 Tanjong Pagar Road, Singapore 088518
  - Website: www.theblueginger.com
  - Note: A traditional take in a charming setting.

3. Nonya Chap Chye

Description: A stir-fried vegetable stew with cabbage, mushrooms, and dried shrimp, seasoned with taucheo (fermented soybean paste).
Why It’s Popular: Its subtle yet flavorful profile complements richer dishes.
Where to Try It:
- Violet Oon Singapore (Restaurant)
  - Location: 1 Saint Andrew’s Road, #02–01 National Gallery, Singapore 178957
  - Website: www.violetoon.com
  - Note: An elegant rendition by a Peranakan culinary icon.
- True Blue Cuisine (Restaurant)
  - Location: 47/49 Armenian Street, Singapore 179937
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: A cozy spot with authentic recipes.

4. Otak-Otak

Description: A spiced fish paste wrapped in banana leaves and grilled, blending fish, coconut milk, and chili into a custardy delight.
Why It’s Popular: Its smoky, spicy taste is a perfect snack or side.
Where to Try It:
- Lee’s Malaysian Food (Hawker Stall)
  - Location: People’s Park Complex Food Centre, 32 New Market Road, #01-1024, Singapore 050032
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: Known for its moist, flavorful otak-otak.
- Peranakan Inn (Restaurant)
  - Location: 210 East Coast Road, Singapore 428909
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: A traditional eatery with a homey feel.

5. Babi Pongteh

Description: A braised pork stew with fermented soybeans, garlic, and shallots, offering a savory-sweet balance.
Why It’s Popular: Its comforting, homely taste resonates with Peranakan roots.
Where to Try It:
- Guan Hoe Soon (Restaurant)
  - Location: 38 Joo Chiat Place, Singapore 427762
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: A veteran Peranakan spot since 1953.
- Candlenut (Restaurant)
  - Location: 17a Dempsey Road, Singapore 249676
  - Website: www.candlenut.com.sg
  - Note: A refined version with premium ingredients.

6. Kueh Lapis

Description: A layered steamed cake made with rice flour, coconut milk, and pandan, known for its colorful stripes and sticky texture.
Why It’s Popular: Its sweet, chewy appeal makes it a beloved dessert.
Where to Try It:
- Kim Choo Kueh Chang (Shop/Restaurant)
  - Location: 60 Joo Chiat Place, Singapore 427784
  - Website: www.kimchoo.com
  - Note: Famous for handmade Nonya kueh.
- Bengawan Solo (Chain)
  - Location: Multiple outlets, e.g., 23 Serangoon Central, #B2-13 NEX, Singapore 556083
  - Website: www.bengawansolo.com.sg
  - Note: A reliable spot for consistent quality.

Indonesian Cuisine in Singapore

Indonesia, Singapore’s neighbor across the Strait of Malacca, shares culinary ties through dishes that have crossed borders, influenced by Malay and Peranakan traditions. Here are six popular Indonesian dishes you’ll find in Singapore.

1. Nasi Goreng

Description: Fried rice with kecap manis (sweet soy sauce), shrimp paste, chicken, egg, and chili, often topped with fried shallots and krupuk (crackers).
Why It’s Popular: Its bold, savory-spicy profile is universally loved.
Where to Try It:
- Ayam Penyet President (Restaurant)
  - Location: 252 North Bridge Road, #B1-06 Raffles City Shopping Centre, Singapore 179103
  - Website: www.ayampresident.com
  - Note: A chain with flavorful nasi goreng.
- Warung M Nasir (Restaurant)
  - Location: 69 Killiney Road, Singapore 239526
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: A cozy spot with an authentic taste.

2. Ayam Penyet

Description: Smashed fried chicken served with sambal, rice, cucumber, and tofu, known for its crispy skin and fiery chili.
Why It’s Popular: Its crunch and heat make it a satisfying meal.
Where to Try It:
- Ayam Penyet Ria (Restaurant)
  - Location: 304 Orchard Road, #04-25 Lucky Plaza, Singapore 238863
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: A popular chain with juicy chicken.
- Tenderbest Makcik Market (Hawker Stall)
  - Location: Bedok Corner Food Centre, 1 Bedok Road, #01-16, Singapore 469572
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: Affordable and flavorful.

3. Beef Rendang

Description: Similar to its Malay cousin, this version uses Indonesian spices like candlenuts and cloves, cooked until the meat absorbs the rich coconut gravy.
Why It’s Popular: Its intense flavor and tender texture are irresistible.
Where to Try It:
- Rumah Makan Minang (Restaurant)
  - Location: 18 Kandahar Street, Singapore 198883
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: Specializes in Minangkabau-style rendang.
- Pagi Sore (Restaurant)
  - Location: 88 Telok Ayer Street, Singapore 048470
  - Website: www.pagisore.com.sg
  - Note: A refined take on Indonesian classics.

4. Gado-Gado

Description: A vegetable salad with boiled eggs, tofu, and tempeh, drenched in a creamy peanut sauce and sprinkled with krupuk.
Why It’s Popular: Its fresh yet rich taste appeals to vegetarians and omnivores alike.
Where to Try It:
- Warung M Nasir (Restaurant)
  - Location: 69 Killiney Road, Singapore 239526
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: Pairs well with their nasi goreng.
- IndoChili (Restaurant)
  - Location: 54 Zion Road, Singapore 247779
  - Website: www.indochili.com
  - Note: Offers a polished version with vibrant flavors.

5. Soto Betawi

Description: A beef soup from Jakarta with coconut milk, lemongrass, and galangal, served with rice or lontong and fried shallots.
Why It’s Popular: Its creamy, spiced broth is deeply comforting.
Where to Try It:
- Sanur Indonesian Restaurant (Restaurant)
  - Location: 7500A Beach Road, #01-305 The Plaza, Singapore 199591
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: A lesser-known gem with authentic soto.
- Pondok Makan Indonesia (Restaurant)
  - Location: 33 Sultan Gate, Singapore 198481
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: A cozy spot with a home-cooked feel.

6. Bakso

Description: Beef meatballs in a clear broth with noodles, tofu, and fried shallots, often served with chili sauce on the side.
Why It’s Popular: Its hearty simplicity makes it a street food favorite.
Where to Try It:
- Bakso Lapangan Tembak Senayan (Restaurant)
  - Location: 1 HarbourFront Walk, #B2-04 VivoCity, Singapore 098585
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: A chain offering a reliable bowl of bakso.
- Java Kitchen (Restaurant)
  - Location: 1 Joo Chiat Road, #01-1021, Singapore 420001
  - Website: N/A
  - Note: A casual spot with a variety of Indonesian dishes.

Singapore’s food scene is a vibrant reflection of its multicultural heritage, where Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Nonya cuisines coexist and intermingle, enriched by influences like Indonesian fare. From the smoky wok hei of Hokkien mee to the fiery sambal of nasi lemak, the tangy fish head curry to the earthy ayam buah keluak, and the sweet-spicy nasi goreng, each dish tells a story of migration, adaptation, and community.

Hawker centers like Maxwell, Old Airport Road, and Lau Pa Sat remain the soul of this culinary landscape, offering affordable access to these delights, while restaurants like Candlenut, Violet Oon, and Muthu’s Curry elevate the experience with refined takes. Whether you’re a local seeking nostalgia or a visitor craving discovery, Singapore’s food offers endless possibilities—each bite a journey through its rich, flavorful past and present.

So grab a tray, join the queues, and dive into Singapore’s edible mosaic. Your taste buds will thank you.

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